Is polycystic ovary syndrome a sexual conflict? A review

Several studies have attempted to explain the high overall prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among women worldwide (about 4-10%) despite its link to subfertile phenotypes. For this reason, it is considered an evolutionary paradox. In this review, we show that several genetic loci associated with the disease differently modulate the reproductive parameters of men and women. This observation suggests that such genetic variants lead to opposite effects in the two sexes in reproductive success. Intralocus sexual conflict as a cause of the persistence polycystic ovary syndrome genotypes among humans is supported

L'efficacia della fisioterapia rispetto all'utilizzo di iniezioni intra articolari nella riabilitazione di pazienti con gonartrosi: una Revisione Sistematica della Letteratura

Background:La gonartrosi è una patologia degenerativa che colpisce l’articolazione del ginocchio. Rappresenta un grave problema di salute pubblica mondiale e comporta dolore e riduzione della funzionalità. Sono presenti studi che confrontano l’uso di iniezioni intra articolari con la fisioterapia per ridurre il dolore, ma ad oggi non vi è ancora un gold standard per la gestione della malattia. Scopo della ricerca:Valutare l’efficacia della fisioterapia rispetto all’uso di iniezioni intra articolari in pazienti affetti da gonartrosi, sul dolore e sulla qualità di vita. Disegno dello studio:Revisione Sistematica della Letteratura effettuata seguendo il PRISMA Statement. Metodi:La ricerca è stata condotta nelle banche dati PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library. Sono stati inclusi trial randomizzati controllati (RCT) in lingua inglese e italiana, che confrontavano l’efficacia del trattamento fisioterapico rispetto all’utilizzo di iniezioni intra articolari, con outcome relativi a riduzione del dolore e al miglioramento della qualità di vita. La qualità metodologica e il rischio di bias sono stati valutati utilizzando la PEDro Scale. Risultati:Cinque studi sono stati inclusi in questa Revisione Sistematica. Ci sono stati due studi che hanno dimostrato la maggiore efficacia di altri trattamenti rispetto alla fisioterapia. Altri due trials hanno confrontato il trattamento fisioterapico con l’uso di iniezioni di acido ialuronico e si sono osservati risultati pressoché uguali tra i gruppi. Solo uno studio ha dimostrato la superiorità del trattamento combinato di iniezioni e programma riabilitativo nella gestione della gonartrosi, rispetto al solo utilizzo di iniezioni intra articolari. Conclusioni:I risultati contrastanti che si sono osservati non permettono di affermare con certezza la superiorità della fisioterapia rispetto all’utilizzo di iniezioni intra articolari, sebbene rappresenti una valida scelta terapeutica grazie al suo basso costo e alla sua ridotta invasività

Two hormones for one receptor: evolution, biochemistry, actions and pathophysiology of LH and hCG

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental for sexual development and reproduction. Since they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), there is a general consensus that LH and hCG are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ∼85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in a ∼90 min half-life molecule targeting the gonads, to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone", exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours), angiogenic potential, and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as a progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, pERK1/2 and pAKT, resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/anti-apoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/PKA-mediated steroidogenic and pro-apoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data are confirmed by large dataset from assisted reproduction, since the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively impacts on the number of retrieved oocytes, while LH impacts pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Interestingly, Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation as compared to LH, as well as testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG is debunked by such data highlighting their sex-specific functions, thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data

Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Autonomic Function in Subjects with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: In addition to the metabolic effects in diabetes, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists lead to a small but substantial increase in heart rate (HR). However, the GLP-1R actions on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in diabetes remain debated. Therefore, this meta-analysis evaluates the effect of GLP-1R agonist on measures of ANS function in diabetes. Methods: According to the Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we conducted a meta-analysis considering clinical trials in which the autonomic function was evaluated in diabetic subjects chronically treated with GLP-1R agonists. The outcomes were the change of ANS function measured by heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac autonomic reflex tests (CARTs). Results: In the studies enrolled, HR significantly increased after treatment (P<0.001), whereas low frequency/high frequency ratio did not differ (P=0.410); no changes in other measures of HRV were detected. Considering CARTs, only the 30:15 value derived from lying-to-standing test was significantly lower after treatment (P=0.002), but only two studies reported this measurement. No differences in other CARTs outcome were observed. Conclusion: The meta-analysis confirms the HR increase but seems to exclude an alteration of the sympatho-vagal balance due to chronic treatment with GLP-1R agonists in diabetes, considering the available measures of ANS function

Regenerative medicine in hearing recovery

Hearing loss, or deafness, affects 360 million people worldwide of which about 32 million are children. Deafness is irreversible when it involves sensory hair cell death because the regenerative ability of these cells is lost in mammals after embryo development. The therapeutic strategies for deafness include hearing aids and/or implantable devices. However, not all patients are eligible or truly benefit from these medical devices. Regenerative medicine based on stem cell application could play a role in both improvement of extant medical devices and in vivo recovery of auditory function by regeneration of inner ear cells and neurons. A review of recent literature on the subject indicates that two promising approaches to renewal and differentiation of cochlear tissues are transplantation of stem cells and in situ administration of growth factors. Rather than directly regenerating dead cells, these procedures apparently induce, through various pathways, differentiation of resident cochlear cells. More studies on the possible adverse effects of transplanted cells and the recovery of tonotopic sensorineural activity or required. To date, no reliable clinical results have been obtained in the field of cochlear regeneration. \ua9 2017 International Society for Cellular Therapy

Prevalence and characterization of hypogonadism among men with human immunodeficiency virus infection: preliminary results

Preliminary results on the prevalence of male hypogonadism in HIV-infected me

Thyroid ultrasound alterations occurrence in patients with previous negative examination: A 6-years observational follow-up trial

10.1530/endoabs.56.P105

Effects of treatment for acromegaly on Bone Mineral Density (BMD): is Pegvisomant protective on lumbar BMD?

The abstract deals with the different effects of treatments for acromegaly on bon

Universality of the three-body Efimov parameter at narrow Feshbach resonances

We measure the critical scattering length for the appearance of the first three-body bound state, or Efimov three-body parameter, at seven different Feshbach resonances in ultracold 39K atoms. We study both intermediate and narrow resonances, where the three-body spectrum is expected to be determined by the non-universal coupling of two scattering channels. We observe instead approximately the same universal relation of the three-body parameter with the two-body van der Waals radius already found for broader resonances, which can be modeled with a single channel. This unexpected observation suggests the presence of a new regime for three-body scattering at narrow resonances